It is rare to see Supreme Court justices argue with each other in public.
Disagreements usually appear months later in written opinions after a case is decided. The justices rarely sit on the same stage and debate how the Court is handling active legal fights.
That is what happened Monday when Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson and Justice Brett Kavanaugh shared a stage and openly clashed over how the Supreme Court has handled emergency appeals tied to President Donald Trump’s policies.
The discussion centered on the Court’s emergency docket. These cases often arrive after lower courts block federal policies, and the administration asks the Supreme Court to allow those policies to take effect while the lawsuits continue.
That process has become one of the most important legal fronts for Trump’s agenda. The Court has repeatedly stepped in after lower-court rulings halted various policies, allowing the administration to move forward while the lawsuits continue.
Jackson has frequently dissented in those emergency rulings. At Monday’s event, she criticized the Court’s willingness to intervene early in those cases.
“The administration is making new policy ... and then insisting the new policy take effect immediately, before the challenge is decided. This uptick in the court’s willingness to get involved in cases on the emergency docket is a real unfortunate problem.”
Jackson argued that stepping in so early risks changing how the judicial process works. Lower courts are supposed to build the factual record and weigh the legal arguments before the Supreme Court steps in.
When the Court intervenes early, she said, it can show how a case might eventually be settled before the case is fully argued.
“Should the Supreme Court be superintending the lower courts when they are hearing and deciding the issues?”
Kavanaugh pushed back and defended the Court’s role in handling the emergency appeals that reach the justices.
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Kavanaugh said the surge in these appeals reflects how modern presidents govern.
“The Justice Department’s rush to the Supreme Court is not unique to the Trump administration,” Kavanaugh said, noting that presidents increasingly rely on executive actions as legislation becomes harder to pass through Congress. As a result, administrations “push the envelope in regulations. Some are lawful, some are not.”
He added that administrations from both parties have gone to the Court with the same kind of requests when lower courts halted their policies.
“None of us enjoys this,” Kavanaugh said of the trend.
Jackson warned that early intervention risks influencing how lower courts handle cases before the arguments are fully heard. Kavanaugh countered that the justices are responding to the reality that major policy fights now move through the courts instead of Congress.
Those fights usually play out quietly in written opinions months later.
On Monday, this one happened out loud.
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