March 23, 2011

The Honorable Barack Obama
President of the United States
The White House
Washington, D.C. 20500

Dear Mr. President:

I have read your letter to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the
President pro tempore of the Senate dated March 21, 2011 concerning your order
that United States Armed Forces attack the nation of Libya. You cite the authority
of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 and your “constitutional
authority to conduct U.S. foreign relations and as Commander in Chief and Chief
Executive.”

The Constitution clearly and unmistakably vests Congress with the sole
prerogative “to declare war.” Your letter fails to explain how a resolution of the
United Nations Security Council is necessary to commit this nation to war but that
an act of Congress is not.

The United Nations Participation Act expressly withholds authorization for the
President to commit United States Armed Forces to combat in pursuit of United
Nations directives without specific Congressional approval. The War Powers
Resolution states that the President’s power to engage United States Armed Forces
in hostilities “shall not be inferred . . .from any treaty heretofore or hereafter
ratified unless such treaty is implemented by legislation specifically authorizing
the introduction of United States Armed Forces into hostilities…”

The War Powers Resolution unambiguously defines three circumstances under
which the President as Commander in Chief may order United States Armed
Forces into hostile action: “(1) a declaration of war, (2) specific statutory
authorization, or (3) a national emergency created by attack upon the United
States, its territories or possessions, or its armed forces.” Your letter cites none of
these conditions.

Nor can the power to order an act of war be inferred from the President’s authority
as “Commander in Chief and Chief Executive.” The Constitution’s Framers were
explicit on this point. In Federalist 69, Alexander Hamilton draws a sharp
distinction between the President’s authority as Commander in Chief as “nothing
more than the supreme command and direction of the military and naval forces”
and the authority of the British king “which extends to the declaring of war and to
the raising and regulating of fleets and armies ~ all which, by the Constitution
under consideration, would appertain to the legislature.”

With all due respect, I can only conclude that your order to United States Armed
Forces to attack the nation of Libya on March 19, 2011 is in direct violation of the
War Powers Resolution and constitutes a usurpation of Constitutional powers
clearly and solely vested in the United States Congress and is accordingly unlawful
and unconstitutional.

Sincerely,

Tom McClintock
Member of Congress