(The opinions expressed by contributors are their own and do not necessarily represent the views of RedState.com.)
Today marks the beginning of the 45th week of Vladimir Putin’s ill-advised invasion of Ukraine. As a result, this update will contain a couple of longer segments, so if your ADHD is acting up, you may want to take a pass.
Before I get started, just a word on why I do updates the way I do them. I realize that a non-trivial number of readers don’t believe Russia invading Ukraine is our problem and that we have enough problems at home and we shouldn’t spend money on a war that they believe doesn’t matter to us. There are also some commenters who think that Russia is the aggrieved party in the war. While I sympathize with the first group, I disagree with them. I don’t believe in trolling solid conservatives who I disagree with on one issue for the sake of “hate clicks,” so I try to put all my Ukraine commentary into this one post so we can get the disagreement out of the way and move on to opposing the left. As to the second group, as far as I’m concerned they can just FOAD.
Politico-Strategic Level
Missile Attacks Continue on Ukrainian Infrastructure
As has happened about once a week since October, the Russian military launched a cruise missile attack on Ukrainian electrical infrastructure. These attacks typically come from Russian strategic bombers at a launch point around the Caspian Sea or from Russian surface combatants in the Black Sea.
The sky over Astrakhan with air launched cruise missiles flying towards #Ukraine… https://t.co/hIiaiE4umD
— Mattia Nelles (@mattia_n) December 31, 2022
This is what the receiving end looks like.
Russian missile on December 31 in #Kyiv.
The National Palace of Arts "Ukraine" published a video from the cameras to show the consequences. #RuWarCrimes_UW #ISAREdnannia pic.twitter.com/VxG8s8Dh0a— UkraineWorld (@ukraine_world) January 4, 2023
Ukrainian air defenses are becoming more robust and capable by the day, but the attacks still score hits.
The terrorist state🇷🇺 launched a massive missile attack at civilian facilities of🇺🇦: more than 20 air-based cruise missiles by TU-95MS strategic bombers from the Caspian Sea water area & ground-based missile systems.
🇺🇦Air Defence assets shot down 12 cruise missiles.
We’ll win! pic.twitter.com/lms8oozb1Y— Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine (@CinC_AFU) December 31, 2022
In the long run, Ukraine has a better chance of weathering the missile attacks than Russia has of coercing a settlement by inflicting pain on the civilian population.
Negotiations Status
The Foreign Policy SmartSet® and Putin’s fellow travelers have been demanding negotiations to end the war in Ukraine. For negotiations to take place, there has to be something approaching good faith by both parties. That doesn’t exist. For instance, Turkish President Erdogan visualizes himself as a peacemaker in this war. The only high-level peace talks between Ukraine and Russia were held under Turkish sponsorship last Spring.
— garybaumgarten (@garybaumgarten) January 5, 2023
This is not a serious offer, or if it is serious, it isn’t sane. There is no reason that at this point in the war that Ukraine should accept the loss of four provinces (oblasts) that Russia unilaterally annexed in October (Putin’s Ukraine Annexation Speech Told Us What to Expect From Russia and It Is up to Us to Pay Attention) as a precondition for talks. The situation on the ground and the momentum on the ground all say this is merely Putin saying, “I’m willing to negotiate,” but setting a maximalist condition to ensure the talks never take place. Here is Estonian prime minister Kaja Kallas describing how Russia negotiates.
#Russie Au lieu d’écouter ceux qui réclament des « négociations » avec Poutine, il faut écouter plutôt ceux qui connaissent bien ses méthodes : les Européens de l’Est.
Par exemple ce qu’explique très bien Kaja Kallas la PM estonienne. pic.twitter.com/rrEiktm6G5— cedric mas (@CedricMas) December 27, 2022
Christmas Cease Fire
Vladimir Putin has ordered a 36-hour unilateral ceasefire in observance of Orthodox Christmas.
Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered Moscow’s armed forces to hold a 36-hour cease-fire in Ukraine this weekend for the Russian Orthodox Christmas holiday, the Kremlin said. https://t.co/nZP3Kz5wlm
— The Associated Press (@AP) January 5, 2023
The Ukrainians aren’t big on the idea.
President Vladimir Putin ordered a short cease-fire along the front line in Ukraine for the Orthodox Christian Christmas, urging Kyiv to do the same, the Kremlin said Thursday. In a tweet, a senior Ukrainian presidential adviser called the idea a "trap."https://t.co/foPwxnwlLZ
— The New York Times (@nytimes) January 5, 2023
I doubt Ukraine will reciprocate because it doesn’t make sense to give the Russians a break. I’m sure I’ll see a lot of commentary like this pretending that Putin gives a rat’s butt about Christmas, peace, or Jesus Christ.
While Zelensky signs laws banning Orthodox religion and cracking down on the press Vlad calls a 36 hour cease fire in honor of Christ's birth.https://t.co/M7UUwAvw5P
— Tommy boomboom (@tommyBoomboom) January 5, 2023
(Just a note, despite what Zerohedge says, the Orthodox Church has not been cracked down on, only the schismatic portion that looks to the Moscow Patriarchate as its superior.)
Engels Air Base Attack Fallout
Ukraine carried out two drone strikes against the Russian strategic bomber Engels airbase (see The War in Ukraine Heats up as Drones Attack Russian Airbase Only 100 Miles From Moscow and Putin’s War, Week 44. Drones Strike Russian Strategic Bomber Base…Again…and Prigozhin Makes His Move). This has resulted in the Russian Air Force moving its strategic bomber fleet to bases in the Russian Far East. They will still be able to carry out strikes on Ukraine, but it will drastically increase the windshield time of the crews and the wear and tear on the aircraft.
Russians have redeployed their strategic bombers to the Far East. They are still having strike capabilities but the increased flight time will have a greater impact on their planes, causing higher maintenance and more failures, ultimately decreasing Russian capabilities. #Ukraine pic.twitter.com/lkGlUgCxBD
— (((Tendar))) (@Tendar) January 5, 2023
This has led to anxiety that Ukraine may strike at Moscow itself just to make a point.
"I know the USA are planning a demonstrative strike on Moskva-city" – Yevgeniy Fedorov, deputy of Russian parliament. pic.twitter.com/CgOvhedD5p
— Anton Gerashchenko (@Gerashchenko_en) January 4, 2023
French Ambassador Gets a Present
Two weeks ago, I posted on how a birthday party for a senior officer in a Donetsk hotel was interrupted by Ukrainian precision artillery rounds; see Putin’s War, Week 43. Zelensky Visits the Front Lines and Washington, Putin Tries to Push Belarus Into War. One of the casualties was the guest of honor, Dmitry Rogozin, former Deputy Prime Minister of Russia, and until July 2022, the head of the Russian space agency Roscosmos.
Rogozin blamed a French-made CAESAR 155mm self-propelled artillery piece for the attack (see Putin’s War, Week 14. Advanced Artillery, a Missing General, and a Grind With No Visible End for more on the CAESAR).
Dmitry Rogozin woke up and sent to the French ambassador to Russia a letter with a piece of shrapnel that got stuck in his body after an unfortunate dinner in a Donetsk restaurant. He calls France "one of the most bloodthirsty states in Europe" and compares it to the Vichy govt. pic.twitter.com/zy963H0fMj
— Dmitri (@wartranslated) January 4, 2023
This shows the size of the shell fragment beside a one-ruble coin. By the way, this is not to make fun of the size of the piece; it is plenty big enough to kill you very dead.
The Ukrainians have reacted as expected. The inscription on this 155mm round reads “For Rogozin’s Ass.”
Wagner Chieftain Prigozhin Steps Out Front
I’ve chronicled the rise of “Putin’s Chef” Yevgeny Prigozhin, from background fixer to warlord. When the war started, Prigozhin would not admit any affiliation with the Wagner Group private military corporation (PMC) even though everyone knew he was in charge. Since the war ground to a halt, Prigozhin has raised his profile and his association with Wagner Group by filming his recruiting pitches at Russian prisons and opening offices in a St. Petersburg highrise. In last week’s update, I noted how one of his combat leaders called the top Russian military leadership “gay,” Prigozhin endorsed his views, and nothing happened. He also visited the front lines over Christmas, something his Army counterparts didn’t do.
Now Prigozhin is regularly appearing on Russian state television.
#Prigozhin showcased the memorial of the killed Wagner terrorists.
There isn't names, only the ID numbers and awards.#WagnerPMC pic.twitter.com/5Jz4cW3MPz— 𝔗𝔥𝔢 𝔇𝔢𝔞𝔡 𝔇𝔦𝔰𝔱𝔯𝔦𝔠𝔱 (@TheDeadDistrict) January 3, 2023
He even issued his own New Year’s message.
Yevgeny Prigozhin rings in the new year with a bellicose populist message:
“This year we will win! But first we will conquer our internal bureaucracy and corruption"
— Samuel Ramani (@SamRamani2) January 4, 2023
Any guesses who he is referring to when he criticizes “internal bureaucracy and corruption?”
Here Prigozhin discharged a handful of convict recruits who survived six months in Ukraine. No word if wooden swords were handed out.
Prigozhin releases the first batch of Wagner’s convict recruits who managed to survive for 6 months in Ukraine back into their hometowns, instructing Russian police to treat these men with “the greatest respect.” Will they become the new oprichniks as Russia spins into darkness? pic.twitter.com/YYrtaKTF5A
— Yaroslav Trofimov (@yarotrof) January 5, 2023
Here Prigozhin presents commemorative sledgehammers to Russian home guards.
Videos of Prigozhin presenting a sledgehammer to a Wagner fighter and hatchets to members of the Kursk and Belgorod militias. Wagner fighters used sledgehammers to murder a Syrian deserter in 2017 and a Wagner deserter last month. https://t.co/iSn8yg20Pfhttps://t.co/lAx9k6bjmR pic.twitter.com/Aq4n9Lf6c5
— Rob Lee (@RALee85) January 2, 2023
This rise of Prigozhin and Wagner has to be sanctioned by Putin. Otherwise, Prigozhin would have been suicided by now. The question is, “to what end?” Outside Russia-fluffers, no one has a very high opinion of Wagner Group personnel or tactical expertise. They’ve gained no notable successes on the battlefield. It nearly seems like a message from Putin to his military officers about how he wants them to behave.
Putin Photo Ops
Earlier, my colleague Bob Hoge posted on Putin’s New Year’s speech, Pugnacious Putin Lashes out at Zelensky and the West in Grim New Year’s Speech.
That post included this video.
Putin delivered an aggressive nine-minute long New Year's message on the backdrop of his his “soldier friends”. He used his address to justify his brutal invasion and flayed the West for what he said were its attempts to use the conflict to divide Russia. pic.twitter.com/Qd2r7gaPaf
— Yasmina (@yasminalombaert) December 31, 2022
If this weren’t official, I’d suspect that Putin’s head has been superimposed on an actor’s body because it just doesn’t look right. To those who follow Putin, there were some familiar faces in the crowd, all wearing Russian military uniforms.
A soldier, a sailor, a devout Christian. God moves in a mysterious way pic.twitter.com/zCDrUgXMIE
— Tadeusz Giczan (@TadeuszGiczan) December 31, 2022
Head of the FSB common people department;) pic.twitter.com/9qZmSqp0fM
— Tadeusz Giczan (@TadeuszGiczan) December 31, 2022
Natasha also enjoys camping! pic.twitter.com/oUVR7fmP3B
— Jason Jay Smart (@officejjsmart) December 31, 2022
Operational Level
The weather in Ukraine continues to be unseasonably warm due to that damned climate change. The ground isn’t expected to freeze solid for another week or so. Until then, both sides have to contend with the butt-deep mud. As a result, the tactical situation is essentially unchanged.
New Weapons
AMX-10
In a phone call yesterday, French President Emmanuel Macron promised Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky an undetermined number of AMX-10 armored fighting vehicles.
France will supply AMX-10 RC armored vehicles to Ukraine says Reuters, based on sources from The Élysée Palace. French President reportedly told Zelenskyi this in a phone call.
s/Idrees Ali – Reuters correspondent pic.twitter.com/hdRvakkFg8
— NOËL 🇪🇺 🇺🇦 (@NOELreports) January 4, 2023
It is an easy-to-operate and maintain system that can kill most of the tanks on Ukraine’s battlefield.
The political impact of this is more significant than the military effect. German Chancellor Olaf Scholtz is under pressure to allow NATO countries with hundreds of obsolescent versions of the German Leopard II tank to transfer them to Ukraine. Scholtz has resolutely resisted saying Germany will not be the first nation to send tanks to Ukraine. The hope is that the AMX-10 is sufficiently close to an older Leopard in capability that it will pass for a tank and open the pipeline.
US and Germany to Send Top-of-the-Line Infantry Fighting Vehicles?
As I was writing this post, this announcement appeared.
US to send Bradley IFV’s and Germany to send Marder IFV’s to Ukraine, with France announcing it will send AMX-10RC armoured combat vehicles https://t.co/XMKOPRViXB
— ELINT News (@ELINTNews) January 5, 2023
The Bradly and Marder are awesome vehicles and could be a game changer. The Bradley, in particular, is a combat-proven system that can kill anything on the battlefield and keep the infantry squad it carries safe from harm. So the AMX-10 ploy had an effect.
Bastion Armored Personnel Carrier
In the same call, Macron agreed to send the Bastion APC to Ukraine.
Also, France will transfer the Bastion armored personnel carrier to Ukraine. 🇺🇦 #Ukraine #UkraineWar #Russia #UkraineInvasion pic.twitter.com/nMFYJWogVS
— Ukraine War SitRep 🇺🇦 (@UKRWarSitRep) January 4, 2023
Like the AMX-10, this system is easy to operate and maintain in addition to being very appropriate for the war being fought in Ukraine.
Ukrainian Produced Artillery Ammunition
The consumption of artillery ammunition in this war is nothing short of prodigious. Each month, Ukraine fires approximately the annual production of US ammunition plants. Russian war bloggers on social media are beginning to complain that there is insufficient ammunition to support Russian offensive operations. While the West can keep up with the rate of fire of 155mm ammunition, most Ukrainian tubes are Russian spec 152mm. The world’s supply of that caliber is just about drained. Russia is buying 152mm ammunition from North Korea to supplement its domestic production.
Now the Ukrainians have brought a domestic ammunition plant online, and the first products are hitting the field.
Huge development in Ukraine:
For the first time, 🇺🇦 artillery ammo is being used against the Russian invaders. Despite losing key factories and supply points early on, 🇺🇦 worked hard to create their own network to build and distribute artillery ammo.
— CJ (@CasualArtyFan) January 1, 2023
Franco-Swedish 155mm BONUS Anti-Armor Munition
Many have suspected for a while that the BONUS munition is in use in Ukraine. It carries two independently targeted explosive-formed penetrator (EFP) top-attack munitions that can defeat any armor on any battlefield.
This is the joint Swedish and French BONUS, a high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT), sensor-fuzed munition (SFM) intended to defeat armoured vehicles with a top attack: https://t.co/C4Akx8oOKv pic.twitter.com/OrUe9Zs69a
— CAT-UXO (@CAT_UXO) January 5, 2023
The work of a very similar submunition (which is believed to be a German SMArt 155) can be seen here.https://t.co/Bp0ObwbM4R
— 🇺🇦 Ukraine Weapons Tracker (@UAWeapons) January 4, 2023
Combat Operations
Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures
This is an extended video of Ukraine’s Kraken Regiment in action. This regiment is part of Ukraine’s military intelligence apparatus and is broadly equivalent to Russian Spetznaz. It was formed at the same time as the Russian invasion; it is all-volunteer, appears to be successful, and, like Russia’s pre-war Spetznaz and Airborne, makes good videos. This is an attack on the village of Novoselivske in Luhansk Oblast. As an infantryman, there are things that I’d be critical of, particularly their activities as they dismount. But they do a lot of stuff right showing they are learning.
Missile Defense Operations
Circling back, as Jen Psaki would say, to an earlier item in this post, Russia’s attacks on Ukrainian civilian targets and Ukraine’s efforts to defend itself from those attacks is an ongoing saga.
The Russians are receiving Iranian Shahed-132 suicide drones…because what other kind of drone would Iran produce? The Russians seem to be launching large-scale attacks with several dozen drones, originating in Belarus, with the objective of forcing Ukraine to use a very expensive missile to destroy a very cheap drone.
There are some successes.
Ukrainian forces taking down a Russian cruise missiles with MANPADS.
Keep sending Stingers. pic.twitter.com/OWHXvVZLUe
— Visegrád 24 (@visegrad24) December 31, 2022
The German Gepard, in particular, is proving itself because it can destroy a drone at a fraction of the drone’s cost.
AIR DEFENSE WIN: In the New Year's Eve missile battle over Kyiv, UKR is reported to have shot down 45 Shahed-136 UCAVs. Deployed by launch vehicles in volleys of five, this represents a 100% interception rate on 9 separate attacks. All of these weapons were fired from Belarus. pic.twitter.com/sMHs7LkE7d
— Chuck Pfarrer | Indications & Warnings | (@ChuckPfarrer) January 1, 2023
Incredible footage of the skies over Kyiv, showing small arms/Gepard/AA missiles intercepting Shahed drone/s pic.twitter.com/fAoJxOaEBs
— Seveer of the 95th rifles 🇺🇦🇬🇧 (@Seveerity) January 3, 2023
But no defensive system is perfect.
The aftermath of today’s attack on Protasiv Yar, Kyiv. The only thing the terrorist country is capable of is intimidating and killing the civilian population on New Year’s Eve.#russiaisateroriststate pic.twitter.com/BKANGHMTFr
— Stratcom Centre UA (@StratcomCentre) December 31, 2022
🇷🇺 Media are circulating a video which shows a Russian cruise missile targeting a critical infrastructure facility in #Khmelnytskyi 🇺🇦
Khmelnytskyi was first targeted in the conflict in October – 🇷🇺 forces appear to be ramping up activity in the city. #Russia #Ukraine pic.twitter.com/ORuxZrdBoM
— WhereisRussiaToday (@WhereisRussia) December 31, 2022
Prisoner of War Exchanges
Ukraine exchanged prisoners of war.
As a result of the exchange, Ukraine returned 140 servicemen.82 fighters of the ZSU, 15 from the TDF, 22 from the NG, 11 from the Navy and 10 from the Border Guards.#Ukraine #POW #Russia pic.twitter.com/2ZSAKGpUbo
— 𝔗𝔥𝔢 𝔇𝔢𝔞𝔡 𝔇𝔦𝔰𝔱𝔯𝔦𝔠𝔱 (@TheDeadDistrict) December 31, 2022
1596 Ukrainians have been returned from russian captivity since the beginning of the large-scale war.
140 of them were exchanged today.
Ukrainian authorities will continue their efforts to return all our people.— Defense of Ukraine (@DefenceU) December 31, 2022
Loose Lips Gets Sh** Blown Up
Over New Year’s Day and the couple of days that followed, Ukraine carried out a series of strikes on Russian personnel concentrations. No one knows what the body count is. Although the Russians admit that over 80 died in one attack, the actual total in all the attacks probably runs into the high triple digits of dead and wounded.
The strike the Russian government was forced to acknowledge and comment on was in Makiivka, Donetsk Oblast.
Ukraine used HIMARS to strike a school building housing hundreds of a Russian soldiers in Makiivka today.
The building is gone and hundreds of Russian soldiers are presumed dead. pic.twitter.com/5Tpt4J4gwb
— Visegrád 24 (@visegrad24) January 1, 2023
Numerous media reports suggest that hundreds of Russian freshly mobilized soldiers billeted in the building of the Polytechnic School #19 in Russian-occupied Makiivka, Donetsk Oblast, were killed in the attack.
📷The building before and after the attack (via @666_mancer) pic.twitter.com/2NW1npsR8T
— Euromaidan Press (@EuromaidanPress) January 2, 2023
“This cannot be forgiven! It is important to know who in NATO planned and agreed on the act to kill the defenders of our homeland,” Karasin, senator of the Russian Federation regarding the Makeevka bombing. pic.twitter.com/3lT3uSB6t3
— NOËL 🇪🇺 🇺🇦 (@NOELreports) January 3, 2023
About 600 Russian recently mobilized Russians were billeted in a former college. The location was less than ten miles from the front lines. The Russian government is blaming troops using cell phones for the disaster. What is not explained is who thought this was a good idea. The area is riddled with Ukrainian special operations teams and people loyal to Ukraine. The location places it within easy reach of artillery.
My guess is that because they were recently mobilized, their chain of command wanted to prevent desertion before they went into combat and elected to keep them in a group. Because they were not properly equipped to live outside in below-freezing temperatures, they elected to keep them inside. And then there is this factoid gleaned from Russian social media.
Russian sources are trying to point fingers and finding blame for so many mobiks getting "surprised" by a HIMARS strike as Putin was making his speech.
Well, what can I say? Should have stayed in Russia.
Glory to the heroes 🇺🇦 pic.twitter.com/0Jc42okS0Q— International Observers Ukraine (@INTobservers) January 1, 2023
While this attack was the most dramatic, it wasn’t alone.
This is also from Donetsk.
It turns out that the mass death of the Russian military on New Year's Eve happened not only in Makeevka, but also in Sadove and Davydivka. Over 50 servicemen are reportedly killed. pic.twitter.com/GiVYWN1yAK
— NOËL 🇪🇺 🇺🇦 (@NOELreports) January 2, 2023
At least three in Zaporizhzhia.
Troop barracks hit by likely HIMARS in these 2 locations, well behind the line of contact in Zaporizhzhia Oblast, have killed dozens if not 100s of Russians, per early reports. "Explosions were reported at Russian army locations in Tokmak & Melitopol" https://t.co/Q9TWYW3nUt pic.twitter.com/ZvfDT6YBrc
— Ed Franks (@edfranks) January 2, 2023
Russian media reports about strike on the Russian military commandant's office in Vasylivka, Zaporizhia region. They say there are dead and wounded pic.twitter.com/JtBi1K4Kdv
— Special Kherson Cat 🐈🇺🇦 (@bayraktar_1love) January 4, 2023
More from Kherson.
Activities in Kherson Oblast:
– Large concentrations of Russian military and equipment have been struck at Hola Prystan, Kostohryzove and Velyki Kopani
– Ukrainian troops liberated the northern part of the Potemkin Island, across the Dnipro River#Kherson #Ukraine pic.twitter.com/iIfokknnPk— (((Tendar))) (@Tendar) January 3, 2023
And finally, a base belonging to the Chechens.
Result of ukrainian artillery strike on Kadyrov`s fighters base. Previously unseen#UkraineRussiaWar pic.twitter.com/AwSlwxta5r
— Conflict Monitor (@MonitorConflict) January 4, 2023
Here is another example. A Spetznaz detachment took up residence in a country club. A member of that detachment posted a lot of images of the buildings, including them, posing near the club’s logo. Needless to say, bad things followed. Read the whole thread for the complete story.
Anatomy of an OPSEC failure. A Russian volunteer posted photos on VK in Sahy, Kherson Oblast with member of the GRU's 10th Spetsnaz Brigade. He left the location tagging on, which makes it very easy to geolocate the Grand Prix country club from the tiles.https://t.co/NrnmXC0HtP pic.twitter.com/DG8AtMObY2
— Rob Lee (@RALee85) January 2, 2023
This is cutting one way because the Russian Army is not showing the social media discipline we see in the Ukrainian Army. The Ukrainian Army has more and better resources to geolocate targets from social media images and track cell phone locations. Every army in the world has a big lesson to learn here.
Donbas
I’m only going to cover one tactical area of operations in this update because the fighting in other areas is not yielding measurable results.
I’ve posted several times on the meatgrinder around Bakhmut.
There are indications that the Russians may be on the verge of calling it quits.
Prigozhin’s Wagner Group has done the heavy lifting for the Russian Army in and around Bakhmut. Here is Prigozhin explaining why Bakhmut can’t be taken.
Wagner's Prigozhyn explains why he is unable to take Bakhmut – a line of defence every 10 meters, hundreds of lines of defence across the city. Russians lack armoured vehicles and equipment. pic.twitter.com/sTdQt8G5xq
— Dmitri (@wartranslated) January 3, 2023
In my view, you make this statement for one of two reasons. You know the town is about to fall, and you puff up its defenses to make your victory look all the more valiant. Or you’ve had all the fun you can handle.
What’s Next?
I’m standing pat with a prediction of a winter offensive in Zaporizhzhia on the Tokmak-Melitopol axis. I think the strikes at Russian troop concentrations in that area and immediately north are strong indicators of this. In addition, the 20,000 or so Ukrainian troops trained in the UK and Germany will be entering combat soon. The combat videos show that though the Ukrainian Army is not where it needs to be in terms of orchestrating tanks, infantry, and artillery in a single package, they are much better than they were six months ago and definitely superior to the Russians.
I would be looking for one offensive over frozen ground, a halt for spring rain and thaw, and then a major drive in April to set the stage to end this war.
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