Results: June 2011 Primary Preference Polling of RedStaters


The rise of Bachmann, the emergence of Perry, the presence of Palin, and the slippage of Cain & Pawlenty.

Thanks to all RedStaters who participated in the late June 2011 Primary Preference Poll – Pick 5.

LEGALESE:  The following results are descriptive statistics about the set of RedStaters who followed directions when participating in the poll (no hanging chads considered here).  This is not a scientific poll. This is not generalizable beyond the description of the participants…  But it is fun and a bit intriguing, if I say so myself.  Thanks for participating! Please look to participate in the next survey:  likely sometime in August.

METHODOLOGY:  RedStaters were invited to participate in a one-minute survey (through SurveyMonkey) to indicate their 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th picks for the Republican presidential nomination from among the following candidate options (alphabetical order):  Michele Bachmann, John Bolton, Herman Cain, Newt Gingrich, Jon Huntsman, Gary Johnson, Sarah Palin, Ron Paul, Tim Pawlenty, Rick Perry, Mitt Romney, and Rick Santorum.  NOTE:  I did not foresee Thaddeus McCotter announcing his candidacy.  Thus, the potential for his support at this time was not registered.  Nothing against Rep. McCotter, but at this stage in the process, I do not see this omission as significantly impacting these results…

I am happy to announce that participation grew from the inaugural poll in May (105 responses yielding a sample size of 102) to the June (June 26–July 2) polling set of 147 responses (yielding a sample size of 146).  I hope we continue to grow RedStater participation as the primary season heats up!

For a review of May’s results, see here.

For the 146 who accurately participated in their preference submissions, the first choice of participating RedStaters was:

Top Choice results:

Candidate Votes Percentage
Sarah Palin 36 24.7%
Rick Perry 31 21.2%
Michele Bachmann 25 17.1%
Tim Pawlenty 15 10.3%
Mitt Romney 12 8.2%
Herman Cain 6 4.1%
Ron Paul 6 4.1%
John Bolton 4 2.7%
Rick Santorum 4 2.7%
Jon Huntsman 3 2.1%
Gary Johnson 3 2.1%
Newt Gingrich 1 0.7%

 

 

But what happens if Sarah Palin doesn’t run?

Using the 2nd choice of those whose first choice was Sarah Palin, the candidates who gain from her absence are:

Candidate Gain
Michele Bachmann +15
Rick Perry +11
Herman Cain +4
Tim Pawlenty +3
Jon Huntsman +2
John Bolton +1
Newt Gingrich 0
Gary Johnson 0
Ron Paul 0
Mitt Romney 0
Rick Santorum 0

 

 

 

Adjusting the results to reflect the race without Sarah Palin gives us the following Top Choice results:

Candidate Votes Percentage
Rick Perry 42 28.8%
Michele Bachmann 40 27.4%
Tim Pawlenty 18 12.3%
Mitt Romney 12 8.2%
Herman Cain 10 6.8%
Ron Paul 6 4.1%
John Bolton 5 3.4%
Jon Huntsman 5 3.4%
Rick Santorum 4 2.7%
Gary Johnson 3 2.1%
Newt Gingrich 1 0.7%

 

But what happens if Rick Perry doesn’t run (but Sarah Palin does)?

Using the 2nd choice of those whose first choice was Rick Perry, the candidates who gain from his absence are:

Candidate Gain
Tim Pawlenty +12
Michele Bachmann +11
Herman Cain +4
Sarah Palin +2
Mitt Romney +2
John Bolton 0
Newt Gingrich 0
Jon Huntsman 0
Gary Johnson 0
Ron Paul 0
Rick Santorum 0

Adjusting the results to reflect the race without Rick Perry gives us the following Top Choice results:

Candidate Votes Percentage
Sarah Palin 38 26.0%
Michele Bachmann 36 24.7%
Tim Pawlenty 27 18.5%
Mitt Romney 14 9.6%
Herman Cain 10 6.8%
Ron Paul 6 4.1%
John Bolton 4 2.7%
Rick Santorum 4 2.7%
Jon Huntsman 3 2.1%
Gary Johnson 3 2.1%
Newt Gingrich 1 0.7%

But what happens if neither Sarah Palin nor Rick Perry run?

Using the 2nd (and sometimes 3rd) choice of those whose preferences were Sarah Palin and/or Rick Perry, the candidates who gain from their absences are:

Candidate Gain
Michele Bachmann +34
Tim Pawlenty +18
Herman Cain +10
Jon Huntsman +2
Mitt Romney +2
John Bolton +1
Newt Gingrich 0
Gary Johnson 0
Ron Paul 0
Rick Santorum 0

Adjusting the results to reflect the race without both Sarah Palin and Rick Perry gives us the following Top Choice results:

Candidate Votes Percentage
Michele Bachmann 59 40.4%
Tim Pawlenty 33 22.6%
Herman Cain 16 11.0%
Mitt Romney 14 9.6%
Ron Paul 6 4.1%
John Bolton 5 3.4%
Jon Huntsman 5 3.4%
Rick Santorum 4 2.7%
Gary Johnson 3 2.1%
Newt Gingrich 1 0.7%

 

Cutting the data some additional ways to consider the possibilities…

Liked (or at least considered) by many:

Who, among the 146 respondents, did they name as being in their Top 2, Top 3, Top 4, or Top 5?

[Main takeaway:  Sarah Palin’s Top Choice support is strong but additional support is not wide-spread.  Michele Bachmann and Rick Perry have the widest appeal among RedStaters at this time.  Herman Cain and Tim Pawlenty rise as Sarah Palin fades.]

Named in Top 2:

Candidate Votes in Top 2 Percentage
Michele Bachmann 68 46.6%
Rick Perry 61 41.8%
Sarah Palin 42 28.8%
Tim Pawlenty 39 26.7%
Herman Cain 26 17.8%
Mitt Romney 20 13.7%
John Bolton 8 5.5%
Jon Huntsman 8 5.5%
Ron Paul 7 4.8%
Rick Santorum 6 4.1%
Gary Johnson 5 3.4%
Newt Gingrich 2 1.4%

 

Named in Top 3:

Candidate Votes in Top 3 Percentage
Michele Bachmann 97 66.4%
Rick Perry 84 57.5%
Herman Cain 60 41.1%
Sarah Palin 55 37.7%
Tim Pawlenty 54 37.0%
Mitt Romney 25 17.1%
John Bolton 17 11.6%
Ron Paul 13 8.9%
Rick Santorum 12 8.2%
Jon Huntsman 11 7.5%
Gary Johnson 8 5.5%
Newt Gingrich 2 1.4%

 

Named in Top 4:

Candidate Votes in Top 4 Percentage
Michele Bachmann 116 79.5%
Rick Perry 104 71.2%
Herman Cain 88 60.3%
Sarah Palin 69 47.3%
Tim Pawlenty 70 47.9%
Mitt Romney 39 26.7%
John Bolton 28 19.2%
Ron Paul 15 10.3%
Rick Santorum 22 15.1%
Jon Huntsman 15 10.3%
Gary Johnson 11 7.5%
Newt Gingrich 7 4.8%

 

Named in Top 5:

Candidate Votes in Top 5 Percentage
Michele Bachmann 124 84.9%
Rick Perry 113 77.4%
Herman Cain 103 70.5%
Tim Pawlenty 96 65.8%
Sarah Palin 79 54.1%
Mitt Romney 49 33.6%
Rick Santorum 49 33.6%
John Bolton 45 30.8%
Jon Huntsman 19 13.0%
Ron Paul 19 13.0%
Gary Johnson 14 9.6%
Newt Gingrich 10 6.8%
Would not vote in the primary 10 6.8%

 

 

2nd Preferences of supporters of candidate X:

We saw how Sarah Palin and Rick Perry supporters in this survey would move if they were not in.

Who are the 2nd choices of some of the other candidates’ supporters?

Those who chose Michele Bachmann (25 voters) also liked (2nd choice):

Herman Cain 8
Rick Perry 7
Tim Pawlenty 4
Sarah Palin 2
Mitt Romney 2
Rick Santorum 2

 

Those who chose Tim Pawlenty (15 voters) also liked (2nd choice):

Rick Perry 7
Michele Bachmann 5
Mitt Romney 2
Herman Cain 1

 

Those who chose Mitt Romney (12 voters) also liked (2nd choice):

Tim Pawlenty 3
Michele Bachmann 2
John Bolton 2
Jon Huntsman 2
Rick Perry 2
Herman Cain 1

 

Those who chose Herman Cain (6 voters) also liked (2nd choice):

Michele Bachmann 3
Sarah Palin 1
Tim Pawlenty 1
Rick Perry 1

 

Those who chose Ron Paul (6 voters) also liked (2nd choice):

Herman Cain 2
Gary Johnson 2
Michele Bachmann 1
Newt Gingrich 1

 

Those who chose John Bolton (4 voters) also liked (2nd choice):

Rick Perry 2
Michele Bachmann 1
Jon Huntsman 1

 

Those who chose Rick Santorum (4 voters) also liked (2nd choice):

Michele Bachmann 2
Sarah Palin 1
Tim Pawlenty 1

 

Those who chose Jon Huntsman (3 voters) also liked (2nd choice):

Mitt Romney 2
John Bolton 1

 

Those who chose Gary Johnson (3 voters) also liked (2nd choice):

Michele Bachmann 2
Ron Paul 1

 

Those who chose Newt Gingrich (1 voter) also liked (2nd choice):

Michele Bachmann 1

 

 

Iterative Elimination:

What happens to the results when the lowest vote getters are systematically removed such that their 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th choices must come into play?

Based on the Top Choice results, Gingrich is the first candidate eliminated due to being the lowest vote-getter.

Top Choice Results (Round 2):

Candidate Votes Percentage
Sarah Palin 36 24.7%
Rick Perry 31 21.2%
Michele Bachmann 26 17.8%
Tim Pawlenty 15 10.3%
Mitt Romney 12 8.2%
Herman Cain 6 4.1%
Ron Paul 6 4.1%
John Bolton 4 2.7%
Rick Santorum 4 2.7%
Jon Huntsman 3 2.1%
Gary Johnson 3 2.1%

 

Based on the results of Round 2, the lowest vote-getters – Huntsman and Johnson – are eliminated:

Top Choice Results (Round 3):

Candidate Votes Percentage
Sarah Palin 36 24.7%
Rick Perry 31 21.2%
Michele Bachmann 28 19.2%
Tim Pawlenty 15 10.3%
Mitt Romney 14 9.6%
Ron Paul 7 4.8%
Herman Cain 6 4.1%
John Bolton 5 3.4%
Rick Santorum 4 2.7%

 

Based on the results of Round 3, the lowest vote-getter (Santorum) is eliminated:

Top Choice Results (Round 4):

Candidate Votes Percentage
Sarah Palin 37 25.3%
Rick Perry 31 21.2%
Michele Bachmann 30 20.5%
Tim Pawlenty 16 11.0%
Mitt Romney 14 9.6%
Ron Paul 7 4.8%
Herman Cain 6 4.1%
John Bolton 5 3.4%

 

Based on the results of Round 4, the lowest vote-getter (Bolton) is eliminated:

Top Choice Results (Round 5):

Candidate Votes Percentage
Sarah Palin 37 25.3%
Rick Perry 34 23.3%
Michele Bachmann 31 21.2%
Tim Pawlenty 16 11.0%
Mitt Romney 14 9.6%
Herman Cain 7 4.8%
Ron Paul 7 4.8%

 

Based on the results of Round 5, the lowest vote-getters – Cain and Paul – are eliminated:

Top Choice Results (Round 6):

Candidate Votes Percentage
Sarah Palin 39 26.7%
Michele Bachmann 38 26.0%
Rick Perry 35 24.0%
Tim Pawlenty 18 12.3%
Mitt Romney 14 9.6%
Would not vote 2 1.4%

 

Based on the results of Round 6, the lowest vote-getter (Romney) is eliminated:

Top Choice Results (Round 7):

Candidate Votes Percentage
Michele Bachmann 42 28.8%
Sarah Palin 40 27.4%
Rick Perry 37 25.3%
Tim Pawlenty 24 16.4%
Would not vote 2 1.4%
None of Top 5 picked 1 0.7%

 

Based on the results of Round 7, the lowest vote-getter (Pawlenty) is eliminated:

Top Choice Results (Round 8):

Candidate Votes Percentage
Michele Bachmann 52 35.6%
Rick Perry 50 34.2%
Sarah Palin 40 27.4%
Would not vote 2 1.4%
None of Top 5 picked 2 1.4%

 

Based on the results of Round 8, the lowest vote-getter (Palin) is eliminated:

Top Choice Results (Round 9):  (FINAL RESULT!!)

Candidate Votes Percentage
Michele Bachmann 72 49.3%
Rick Perry 66 45.2%
None of Top 5 picked 5 3.4%
Would not vote 3 2.1%

 

But my candidate wasn’t in there!?!?

I know, I know…  I’ll get Thad McCotter in there next time.  That sneaky fellow!

I’ll try to keep an eye out for other potential candidates as well…

 

Thanks and Invitation

If you were one of the 146, thanks for your participation!  If you weren’t, I hope you will participate in the next Primary Preference Poll.  The next poll is likely to launch sometime in August.  Keep an eye out for it!

 



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30 Comments Leave a comment

No love for Buddy Roemer?

acat (Diary) Tuesday, July 5th at 11:55PM EST (link)

Can’t say I’m surprised.

Otherwise, very interesting stuff. Thank you for crunching the numbers, and I do hope you can get more participation.

Mew

——
self-portrait

Caveat Suffragator

I'm gonna have to pay better attention!

jonbingham (Diary) Wednesday, July 6th at 10:10AM EST (link)

Don’t know how I could have overlooked…
“My Buddy, my Buddy…”

http://ruminationsaspirations.blogspot.com

Definately put Buddy in there

redtillimdead (Diary) Wednesday, July 6th at 5:58PM EST (link)

He’s definitely like my 6th choice

Nancy Pelosi can kiss my asstroturf.

That high, redtillimdead?

acat (Diary) Wednesday, July 6th at 6:06PM EST (link)

He’s more like “one step above Ron Paul(spit!)” for me…

Unlike Ron Paul (spit!), I would consider voting for Roemer in the general if by some miracle he clinches the nomination….

I only mention Roemer because it’s interesting how many people just ignore him. He’s gotten less of a splash than Johnson, and .. were this a diving competition, that’d be impressive.

Mew

——
self-portrait

Caveat Suffragator

 
 
 
 

Seams the respondits like Mrs. Palin for pres.

gekster (Diary) Wednesday, July 6th at 12:07AM EST (link)

A Palin, Perry ticket, in either order, is who RS’ers chose.
Who would of thunk it.

They say Republicans are for the rich, Democrats are for the poor.
If they need more voters,
then they have to make more of who they are for.

We are there in the various Tea Party groups, leaderless, but not rudderless.
We steer always toward the Constitutional principles this nation was founded upon.
Erick Brockway

Ok folks, 2012 is here. Get involved

Seems more like Perry / Bachmann

Change Jar Conservative (Diary) Thursday, July 7th at 3:44AM EST (link)

Not sure if you read the whole thing, but it seemed very much like Perry and Bachmann were the re-occurring themes.

********
Formerly know as “Oz” in these parts

 
 

Let's see now. The margin of error on this poll would be...

mbecker908 (Diary) Wednesday, July 6th at 12:16AM EST (link)

oh yeah, it’s an internet poll. The MoE is 100%.

In other words, worthless. The problem with your poll is that only fools and poll packers participate in online polling.

Then call me a fool.

gekster (Diary) Wednesday, July 6th at 12:23AM EST (link)

It was just a fun poll of RS’ers.
Out of 146 who wanted to play, it is what they said.
Right or wrong, it is what they said.
Lighten up a little, and let some of us have our fun.
You’re ok with that, aint ya.

They say Republicans are for the rich, Democrats are for the poor.
If they need more voters,
then they have to make more of who they are for.

We are there in the various Tea Party groups, leaderless, but not rudderless.
We steer always toward the Constitutional principles this nation was founded upon.
Erick Brockway

Ok folks, 2012 is here. Get involved

 

I missed the poll

Doc Holliday (Diary) Wednesday, July 6th at 12:27AM EST (link)

so I did not participate. But if Gekster wants to poll RS.ers, and they want to take part, I see no harm. Maybe you misread this Mbeck, but you should not call people fools in this case.

Molon Labe!

I don't mind.

gekster (Diary) Wednesday, July 6th at 12:29AM EST (link)

My Mom calls me worse. LOL

They say Republicans are for the rich, Democrats are for the poor.
If they need more voters,
then they have to make more of who they are for.

We are there in the various Tea Party groups, leaderless, but not rudderless.
We steer always toward the Constitutional principles this nation was founded upon.
Erick Brockway

Ok folks, 2012 is here. Get involved

 

Anybody who puts any stock in any internet poll

mbecker908 (Diary) Wednesday, July 6th at 12:35AM EST (link)

ESPECIALLY one with a 146 respondents, is acting foolish. These things are an exercise in ridiculousness and, just ask the RonPaul folks, they are really easy to game.

Next one of these comes out, I’m betting that either Gary Johnson or Herman Cain is way up in the numbers. Maybe even number one.

well we all spend time others might call a foolish waste

Doc Holliday (Diary) Wednesday, July 6th at 12:48AM EST (link)

I mean, how many times can I watch Lonesome Dove? I laugh at the guys here that are into sci-fi. I think the Gekster poll was for the enjoyment of those who participated. I don’t think anyone claimed the poll was anything more than it was, a poll of RS’ers who decided to take it. Surely it it not a scientific prediction of the electorate’s views, or even the views of all RS’ers.

I agree online polls generally have not real meaning. Like the “polls” on news sites about controversial subjects, on biased side or the other will slam it, or whatever the term is.

Molon Labe!

 

becker, normally I like you, but right now

lineholder (Diary) Wednesday, July 6th at 2:03AM EST (link)

I’d like nothing better than to hen-peck upside your head. It is possible that polls, even small internal ones, can be useful to find out on what points we are in agreement. It can be a starting point for very legitimate discusions. In the course of those discussions, we might even come up with news ways to fight the battle we’re facing.

Why do you knock it like this?

Because these things have absolutely zero

mbecker908 (Diary) Wednesday, July 6th at 2:58AM EST (link)

statistical validity. As you’ll see come the next poll.

 
 
 
 

So, what were you picks?

Tbone (Diary) Wednesday, July 6th at 12:32AM EST (link)

I, of course, didn’t participate.

Envisioning when all that is Left is the Right.

 

Oh, really?

Finrod (Diary) Wednesday, July 6th at 1:22AM EST (link)

Hunh.

Let’s get down to brass tacks here. How much for the ape?

Thanks for making my point.

mbecker908 (Diary) Wednesday, July 6th at 3:00AM EST (link)

And quite nicely.

So which are you?

Finrod (Diary) Wednesday, July 6th at 3:18PM EST (link)

A fool or a poll packer?

Let’s get down to brass tacks here. How much for the ape?

 
 
 

mbecker, please note "LEGALESE"

jonbingham (Diary) Wednesday, July 6th at 7:47AM EST (link)

…at the very top of this summary. The limitations of this exercise are plainly presented from the beginning. As such, your concerns were already addressed prior to your comment. Please read, then react.
I invite you to lighten up just a bit and save your ammunition for those who would misstate the scope and significance of their polling efforts.
Thanks to all who participated.

http://ruminationsaspirations.blogspot.com

There is a simple solution jonbingham.

luvnthebigsites (Diary) Wednesday, July 6th at 8:56AM EST (link)

Well not simple, but it would put the detractors to rest.

Make a diary and list the candidates names according to the survey questionnaire (something that’s easy to cut and paste) then Instruct those who wish to participate to “post a comment” marking their selections according to the directions with an –>X

The only way to cheat is if a Redstater has multiple accounts.

Its transparent, Anybody can add the data into surveymonkey and we can all put our candidates where our mouth is… So to speak.

Just a suggestion.

“Ask not what your candidate can do for you, but what you can do for your candidate”. Andrew Breitbart CPAC 2012.

Thanks for the suggestion, luvn

jonbingham (Diary) Wednesday, July 6th at 10:22AM EST (link)

It appears that Finrod worked with a similar style of methodology back in 2007-8 (see early Finrod comment link).
Each methodology has its +s and -s. A couple concerns with posting one’s preferences in the comments are that 1) a certain set of folks would not participate (or would alter their answers) if the method required revealing to the world their innermost political preferences (feels card-checkish) and 2) I am too lazy to manually compile the responses into SurveyMonkey.
Besides, the main beef is that the sampling technique has nothing in common with scientific random sampling methodology in which the results could be generalizeable. Guilty as charged. Neither of our methods resemble scientific polling practice. Thus, “LEGALESE” is prominently displayed to help people be able to relax and enjoy the summary for what it is – a description of those RedStaters who participated.

http://ruminationsaspirations.blogspot.com

 
 
 

I agree with you

Neil Stevens (Diary) Wednesday, July 6th at 7:49AM EST (link)

Self-selected polls fall in the same category as that Fox poll I posted about the other day. It’s playing games to make headlines.

RS contributing editor, technical administrator, and “a hardy variety of crabgrass.”
Read the RedState Posting Rules

Unlikely Voter: Poll Analysis, Election Projection.

“I rejoice that America has resisted.” – William Pitt, the Elder

Also this poll shares the problem with the inclusion of non-candidates

Neil Stevens (Diary) Wednesday, July 6th at 7:52AM EST (link)

Diluting the votes just dilutes the value and interest of the poll.

RS contributing editor, technical administrator, and “a hardy variety of crabgrass.”
Read the RedState Posting Rules

Unlikely Voter: Poll Analysis, Election Projection.

“I rejoice that America has resisted.” – William Pitt, the Elder

Understand your concern, but...

jonbingham (Diary) Wednesday, July 6th at 8:29AM EST (link)

…that’s why I went to the effort of doing part of the analysis by taking out Perry and/or Palin – in order to give a sense of that dynamic.
This methodology enables one to dig deeper into the next-level choices for that very purpose. Thus, no dilution after all. Dilution occurs when there is no mechanism for discovering the next preferences of supporters of yet-to-be-decided-if-they-will-ever-be-declared candidates.

http://ruminationsaspirations.blogspot.com

This is NOT methodology.

mbecker908 (Diary) Wednesday, July 6th at 10:36AM EST (link)

That involves math.

This is stupidity. Not only is it a self selected “poll”, the sample size is minuscule. Hotair runs an internet poll on their site, it’s no better but at least they get big numbers. Which just means more people bounce in to cook the numbers.

Thanks for your feedback!

jonbingham (Diary) Wednesday, July 6th at 11:01AM EST (link)

Peace and tranquility (or maybe tranquilizers). ;o)
All the best! – JB

http://ruminationsaspirations.blogspot.com

 
 
 
 
 
 

Some other candidates....

electionwatch (Diary) Wednesday, July 6th at 8:25PM EST (link)

You already said you forgot to include Thad McCotter and Buddy Roemer, but, wanna bout Fred Karger, Rudy Giuliani, George Pataki, and David Duke. Karger, a gay rights activist, has been included in some polls (often receiving 1% or less), and has gotten some attention. He was almost included in the first debate, but, was excluded due to the poll requirement (he should’ve been included). I’m definitely not backing him, but, he should’ve been included. Giuliani is a major candidate who has lead in one poll and got 7% in the most recent New Hampshire poll. I’m not backing him, either, and he’s not a candidate yet, but, he should’ve been included.
Pataki, who’s now running a “lowering the debt” organization, has also been considering running for president. Duke is a former Ku Klux Klansman, and a former member of the Louisiana House of Representatives. He is being backed by the white nationalist and neo-nazi wings of the Republican Party. I’m definitely not backing him because he’s a racist, but, he should be included just in case…..
Don’t criticize me for wanting to include Duke; there is free speech in this country, as he is a white nationalist. Duke is a racist and shouldn’t be voted for.

NJ-07. Trying to get involved in my local political realm.

 

Also....

electionwatch (Diary) Wednesday, July 6th at 8:28PM EST (link)

Roy Moore, a christian conservative and a former member of the Alabama Supreme Court, should’ve been included because he does have some backing from the Religious Right because he refused to take down a Ten Commandments monument in front of the Alabama Supreme Court building even when a judge ordered him to (he was eventually booted from the court by the other members, I believe), and is now running a campaign based on free speech and press, and chrisitian conservatism.

NJ-07. Trying to get involved in my local political realm.

 

McCotter changes everything

heartlander (Diary) Thursday, July 7th at 1:58AM EST (link)

Can’t wait to see what transpires at the Iowa Straw Poll next month!

“The still, small voice of God in every human soul is the greatest ally of the pro-life cause, and why it will ultimately prevail.”
–Donald R. McClarey

McCotter, the Santorum of Summer 2011

audax (Diary) Friday, July 8th at 3:39AM EST (link)

nt

Audeamus pro audere est facere